Artur Izhevskyy
Candidate of Art History, Senior Scientific Researcher, Department of Art History, Institute of Ethnology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

Artists of the first half of the 19th century (Yu. Glogovskyi, M. Yablonovs­kyi, etc.) depicted mainly ethnographic types of peasants of the Carpathian and Kholm regions and other territories, which corresponded to the spirit of romanticism – the search for national roots, admiration for folk customs, crafts, and clothing.

In the second half of the 19th century – beginning of 20th century caricaturists of the satirical press also added a distinct political context to the images of Hutsul, Lemko, Boiko and Kholmschak – in texts and drawings – mountain people appeared mainly as positive heroes who contributed to understanding the main idea of the transformation of society from Rusynism to Ukrainianism, the consolidation of all the above-mentioned groups in this way.

Most often, the image of a Rusyn-Western Ukrainian – Galician took on the ethnographic features of Hutsuls (illustrations by V. Lutsyk, K. Ustyianovych), Boiko (illustrations by S. Sуdorovуch, T. Romanchuk), Lemko (illustration by E. Turbatskyі), and there was less satire on the aspirations of the Verkhovyna people to separate.

Kholmschaks – a group that had not distinct ethnographic features, like the Carpathian highlanders, attracted artists to a lesser extent as an object of heroi­sation, and in satire acquired a grotesque comic quality – provincialism and low education were emphasized (illustrations from Lviv magazines of the Polonophile “Szczutek”, the Ukrainophile “Zerkalo”). Loyalty to Russian tsarism was promoted (Moscowphile magazine “Strakhopud”), which gave in perspective certain subjective stereotypes about an underdeveloped national consciousness.

Keywords: satire, Hutsuls, Boiko, Lemko, Kholmschaks, Galicia, Uk­rainianness.

1. Hnatiuk, V. (1916). Natsionalne vidrodzhennia avstro-uhorskykh ukrain­tsiv (1772–1880 rr.) [National revival of the Austro-Hungarian Ukrainians (1772–1880)]. Viden : Nakladom Soiuza Vyzvolennia Ukrainy. Z drukarni Adolfa Holtshavzena u Vidni, 68 p. [in Ukr.].
2. Komar, B. (1893). Hulialy, Hulialy Husly rozryvaly... [Walk, Walk The harps were torn apart...] : Litohrafiia. Zerkalo. Lvov, 15, p. 8. [in Ukr.].
3. Komar, B. (1893). Zhyvem, zhyvem svoim zhyttiem [We live, we live our lives] : Litohrafiia. Zerkalo. Lvov, 16 i 17, p. 8. [in Ukr.].
4. Romanchuk, T. (1890). Kolomуiky z obrazkamy [Kolomyiki with ima­ges] : Litohrafiia. Zerkalo. Lvov, 18, p. 8. [in Ukr.].
5. Romanchuk, T. (1890). Kolomуiky z obrazkamy [Kolomyiki with ima­ges] : Litohrafiia. Zerkalo. Lvov, 22, p. 8. [in Ukr.].
6. Romanchuk, T. (1891). Yakoiu khotіv bу maty Rus posol Romanchuk, a yakoiu posol Antonevych [What kind of Rus would Ambassador Romanchuk want, and what kind of Rus would Ambassador Antonevуch want] : Litohrafiia. Zerkalo. Lvov, 1, p. 8. [in Ukr.].
7. Turbatskyi, Ye. (1903). Napad liatskoho artsybiskuba Sunikovskoho na Uspensku tserkov u Lvovi v navecheria Rozhdestva Khrystovoho 1583 r. [Attack of the Lyaty Archbishop Sunikovskyi on the Church of the Assumption in Lviv on the Eve of Christmas 1583] : Litohrafiia. Haidamaky. Lviv, 45, p. 1. [in Ukr.].
8. Turbatskyi, Ye. (1906). Tytulna iliustratsiia : Kolorova litohrafiia [Title illustration. Сolor lithograph]. Zerkalo. Lviv, 10. [in Ukr.].
9. Krvavych, D. P. & Stelmashchuk, H. H. (1988, comp.). Ukrainskyi narodnyi odiah XVII – pochatku XIX st. v akvareliakh Yu. Hlohovskoho [Ukrainian folk costume of the 17th – early 19th centuries in watercolors by Yu. Glogovskyi]. Kyiv : Nauk. dumka, 272 p. [in Ukr.].
10. Górska, M. (2004). “Prussia” Jana Dymitra Solikowskiego – wzory i analogie drzeworytu na karcie tytułowej [Prussia of Jan Dymitr Solikowski – patterns and analogies of woodcut on the title page]. Artyści włoscy w Polsce XV–XVIII wiek. Warszawa : DiG, pp. 47–56. [in Pol.].
11. Jak posłówie ze Wschodu – chodzili w ślady swego wladyki [As Ambassadors from the East followed in the footsteps of their lord] (1861). Pos­tęp. Vienna, р. 34. [in Pol.].
12. Kochl, K. (1886). Żygmunt Sidorowicz: Szkic biograficzny. Malarz – artysta i poeta [Zygmunt Sidorovуch: Biographical sketch. Painter – artist and poet]. Prszemysl, 18 p. [in Pol.].
13. Łysty z Cholma [Letters from Cholm] (1882). Szczutek. Lviv, 17, р. 3. [in Pol.].
14. Na granice moskiewskiej [On the Moscow Border] (1874). Szczutek. Lviv, 11, р. 8. [in Pol.].
15. Potocki, A. (1907). Grottger. Lwów ; Warszawa : Nakład i własność Księgarni H. Altenberga ; E. Wende i Spółka, 674 p. [in Pol.].